What does the nurse need to check prior to sending the patient to surgery on the day of surgery?

Introduction

Safety in patient care is a priority aspect in the design of any health system, having direct implications for the quality of the care [1,2]. To build a secure system it is necessary analyze and solve the causes of the errors in the assistance. In the year 2008 the World Health Organization (WHO) defined guidelines and standards to reduce errors in health care, launching the campaign “Safe Surgery Saves Lives” [3], whose purpose was to improve the safety of surgeries around the world and defining a set of rules on a checklist, called the WHO safety verification List in surgery linking of a set of items to be verified throughout the surgical procedure, divided into 3 steps: before, during and after the surgery [4].

In the year 2010 in our Hospital was carried out the challenge of implementing the list of surgical verification after a training program aimed at professionals involved in the surgical procedures [5]. More than eight years have passed since its applying, a thorough re-evaluation of this tool is carried out, beyond the perception of the practice perceived by the professionals. In this reevaluation, it was detected, by the checklist of surgery that many of the errors within the operating room related to the moment of access of the inpatient, the first time of valuation [6,7].

The preparation of the inpatient for the surgical procedure and your transfer to the operating room exemplify the previous step of ingoing the Operation Hall, that is where it is necessary to generate protocols that guarantee safety for the inpatients [8].

The decisive goal is the safety of patients in the immediate preoperative time, identify and recognize their failures to improve the quality of health care, minimize errors and observe with the premise prepared by WHO in the 2008 year.

Materials and Methods

The Operating Rooms Division, dependent of the Surgery Department, is currently working to assess whether errors persist or there are new errors after the application of the checklist for safe surgery that took place in our Hospital in the year 2010. The design is exploratory observational, with prospective longitudinal intent of retrospective analysis of consecutive programmed operations. A 12-month period was analyzed between September 1, 2015 and August 31, 2016 to be compared with the control group of the year 2010. Now 2915 checklists of scheduled inpatients operated consecutively were reviewed.

The checklist of surgical verification currently used within the operating room is the form proposed by the WHO, but does not envisage the pre-operative period; therefore, during the may 2018 a preliminary analysis was made of surgical patients accessed from the internment rooms, which was called Stage 1 of the pre-operative nursing verification check list.

A control form was collected for the admission of patients to the operating room (Figure 1) as initial exploratory work. It was not notified of this form to nurse of room to that the survey was irrefutable. The return was completed by the operating rooms before the patient accessed the closed unit, where the transfer of patients was performed.

Figure 1: Check List Pre Quirurgico De Enfermeria.

After performing the analysis of the access forms of the patient to the operating room of the preliminary study, a meeting was held between the Operating Theatres Division, the Department of Surgery and the Nursing Directorate where it was agreed to summon all the nurses from inpatient room and the Infectology Division for a general clinical ateneo to explain the results obtained in the month analysis, to jointly elaborate form for the Nurse preoperative checklist as full in figure 2.

Figure 2: Check List Pre Quirurgico De Enfermeria.

In a second stage, the same control was carried out for patients ingoing operating theatres from the internment room with the pre-surgical nursing check list.

The x2 statistical test was used to express statistical significance with p≤ 0,05.

Results

In May 2018 (Stage 1), 355 patients were operated in the central operating theatres of our hospital, of which 218 corresponded to scheduled surgeries and 137 to emergency surgeries. Of the 218 surgeries scheduled, 61 patients were ambulatory and 158 inpatients which are those analyzed.

With the result of this preliminary data, a chart analyzing the errors detected at the accessed the patients to the operating room (Table 1).

We found a total of 183 (115%) errors on a total of 158 surgeries scheduled. The most frequent failure was the admission of inpatients dressed with underwear or bedding in 59 cases (32.2%), followed by a lack of cap or chinstrap in 22(12%) and 21(11,5%) admission of patients with dental prosthesis. It was also analyzed to which service belonged patients who were transferred from the hospital room and later to make a survey and adjustment of the failures.

In Stage 2, carried out after applying the pre-surgical nursing checklist, it was analyzed for a period of one month (August 21 to September 21, 2018) The admission of patients to the operating room using the control form shown in the Figure 2.

A total of 171 surgeries were performed with hospitalization, 126 patients entered the operating room with the verification form and 45 did not.

83 errors (48.5%) were found. The most frequent failure was the admission of patients with underwear or bedding: 30 (36%), followed by a lack of cap, painted fingernails, dentures prosthesis and lack of signature in Informed Consent 7(8.5%) (Table 2).

If the results are analyzed by a statistical test of x2, it is noted that the differences found in Stage 1 (preliminary study) and Stage 2 (already implemented the pre-operative checklist of nursing), can’t be due to random and that the found improvement (of 183 errors in 158 operations programmed in Stage 1 to 83 errors of 171 scheduled operations of Stage 2) correspond to the fact of putting into practice processes and procedures that tend to ensure the immediate preoperative when surgical patients range from the hospitalization room to the corresponding operating theatres (Table 1) (Statistical significance p ≤ 0.00001) (x2 = 25,94127, fd = 1): therefore despite the fact in some services it was detected that the checklist was insufficiently done and that it corresponded with a greater number of errors (Table 3).

Table 3: Errors to Access Operating Room
	Hospital De Clínicas "José De San Martin"
Division	Surgery	Nursing Check List	Scheduled Compliance	Fasting	Cap	Clothes	Painted Nail	Bedding	Jewelry	Eyeglasses	Denture	Clinical Studies	Signature Inform Consent	Bathing	Allergy	Total
	Elective	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Elective	Errors
Ginecology	32	32		32		32		32		32		1	31	1	31		32		32	2	30	32		32		32		2	30	32	4
Urology	5	5		5		5		5		5		1	4		5		5		5		5	5		5		5			5	5	1
Neuro-surgery	10	10		10		10		10		10			10	1	9		10		10	1	G	10		9	1	10			10	10	3
Trauma-tology	23	19	4	21	2	23		23		21	2	2	21	3	20	3	20	2	21	2	21	22	1	20	3	23			23	23	18
Cardiac Surgery	4	2	2	4		4		4		4			4		4		4		4		4	4		4		4			4	4	0
Gastroent. Surg.	26	15	11	26		26		25	1	26		2	24	4	22		26		26		26	25	1	24	2	22	4	1	25	26	14
Oncolog. Surg	28	19	9	24	4	18		24	4	27	1	1	27	6	22		28		28	1	27	27	1	28		27	1	3	25	28	15
Thoracic Surg.	8	4	4	7	1	8		7	1	8			8	2	6		8		8		8	8		8		8		2	6	8	3
Vascular Surg.	13	11	2	11	2	13		13		13			13	1	12		13		13	1	12	12	1	13		12	1	2	11	13	4
Plastic Surg.	14	4	10	12	2	14		13	1	13	1		14	8	6		14		14		14	14		14		10	4		14	14	14
Pediatrics Surg.	1		1	1		1		1			1		1		1		1		1		1	1		1		1			1	1	1
Hemody-namics	4	2	2	4		4		4		4			4	1	3	1	3		4		4	4		3	1	4		1	3	4	3
Phlebology	3	3		3		3		3		3			3	3			3		3		3	3		3		3			3	3	3
Total Scheduled (Elective) Surgery	171
Total Errors	83

Discussion

To build a safe system it is necessary analyze and solve the causes of errors in the assitance of our patients. In the year 2008 the World Health Organization (WHO) launched its campaign “Safe Surgery Saves Lives” [3], with definition of guidelines and standards to reduce errors within the operating rooms. The WHO Checklist Model consists of a set of points to be verified during 3 times: before, during and after the surgical intervention [4].

In our Hospital was implemented the checklist for safe surgery in the year 2010 [5], and is currently a reevaluation of this tool, which detect that many of the errors found within the operating room center corresponded to patient access time, called the first time of verification checklist [6,7]. It was revealed in this analysis that many of the errors in the admission of the patient to operating room had to do with the preoperative period equivalent to the time of the preparation of the patients to go to the surgical center as being lack of control of vital signs, fast control, presurgical bath, informed consent for the surgery, conditioning for the transportation and admission (cap, boots, surgical dress, not to transfer personal objects), studies and clinical record.

Patients who are going to undergo surgery require adequate pre-operative care, which begins with admission to the internment room and continues until the time of scheduled surgery [1,9].

The preoperative assessment of nursing in the hospitalized rooms allows us to detect difficulties or problems that could cause danger to the patient’s life or the expected outcome in the surgical procedures [10], as well as to know the patient’s needs at the time of income, not only from the physical but also from the emotional aspect [11,12].

The preparation of the patient for the surgical procedure and the transportation to the operating room represent the previous step of incoming the Operation Hall, that is where it is necessary to generate protocols that guarantee safety for the patients [8,13].

The protocols increase the reliability in the health care of the patient, reducing the human error in the execution of sofistified procedures [14]. It is essential to detect real or potential threats against the integrity of patients who will be exposed to surgery to anticipate or to allow planning strategies that improve the quality of care [15-17].

With a nursing checklist for the pre-surgical period that saw the evaluation of vital signs and the preparation of patients for the transportation to the operating room of a total 183 errors were found during 158 scheduled surgeries. In other words, there were more errors than scheduled surgeries and the most frequent failure was the admission of patients with underwear or bedding not adequate 59(32.2%), followed by a lack of cap 22(12%), and admission of patients with denture 21(11.5%).

Some authors attribute this high frequency of errors or failures of patients during the access the operating rooms with underwear or bedding not suitable, because many of them feel ashamed or have modesty in the transportation [14]. That is true, although many times it is also because of lack of control or insufficient information provided by nurses to make effective a standard that must always be fulfilled. This fact was verified in Table 3.

One of the most important measures to reduce surgery-related infectious complications is to pre-enter the patient’s bathroom to the operating room. In this study almost 10% of the patients entered the operating room without the pre-surgical bath. In the year 2016, WHO published a recommendation based on evidence, suggesting as a strong recommendation, the pre-intervention bath, either with normal soap or antiseptic [18,19].

It is also worth highlighting the removal of all types of jewelry (rings, bracelets, rings) [20-23], eyeglasses or dentures that are due to some of the norms that are not usually met and require strict controls. In this analysis 11.5% entered with dentures and 6% of patients did with some type of jewelry.

The care of patients in the field of health and in our case in the surgical field is not an easy task, because it depends on a health-system in which individuals interact (professionals and non-professionals of health), technology, infrastructure and environment. The actions of each welfare state will depend on and condition the other, so it is essential to coordinate and communicate among the all members involved [2].

In our hospital condition, the limitation of material resources is often a crucial role because it is difficult to deploy security with inadequate or scarce material resources (lack of bedding, hats, scrubs, hot water in bathrooms, etc.). This implies, if there is not a correct analysis and solutions are proposed, to produce interventions that are scarce controlled by the professionals with the consequent increase of the complications and logically the decrease of the quality in the health-care-assistance, although many times also what is denoted is a lack of internal responsibility and some resistance to change by the all professionals [8].

It must generate the culture of security and communication of errors, and that is where it reveals the lack of communication and culture of notification of the adverse event, the difficulty of accepting the human error by the fear of punishment if notified, the misunderstanding of the people due to lack of culture of error and that failure to report an error can mean an adverse problem or effect for the patient or other professionals [15].

This makes it necessary to adapt to a legal regulation, so it is justified the need for a specific “checklist” for the preoperative in surgical hospitalization units, to verify the proper preparation of the patient before being sent to the surgical center.

Working in depth the clinical safety of health organizations requires knowing current errors which requires a change of thought and the use of appropriate records [8]. The strength of this analysis is to have committed and participated all the staff involved (physicians surgeons, nurses, orderlies, administrative) to ensure quality care to all surgical patients. The limitation (or weakness) is that only, perhaps, it can have value for the institution where this research was developed and also to verify that the world literature on this topic is not very high-volume therefore, it is not known if the found in this analysis is unique or the norm.

Accordingly, and to conclude, specific actions should be promoted so that surgical teams systematically reach essential safety measures, with minimal risks that compromise the life and well-being of surgical patients. To achieve this, we must reinforce the safety practices established, promoting communication and teamwork between clinical and surgical disciplines as well as with all the nurses and administrative staff of the health institution. Only in this way will the surgery be safe at all stages of preoperative, trans and postoperative.

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